Definition: Artificial intelligence is defined as intelligence exhibited by artificial(man made, non natural ) entity. AI forms a vital branch of computer science, dealing with intelligent behavior in machines. The field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans, intelligence—the sapience of Homo sapiens—can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine.
The central problems of AI include such traits as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication,perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects. General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals. One major limitation is that AI does not have common sense knowledge. In AI such as computer chess, emotion and social skills play two roles for an intelligent agent. First, it must be able to predict the actions of others, by understanding their motives and emotional states. A sub-field of AI addresses creativity both theoretically (from a philosophical and psychological perspective) and practically (via specific implementations of systems that generate outputs that can be considered creative, or systems that identify and assess creativity).
Chess :The game of chess has fascinated human thinkers and strategists for thousands of years. Relentlessly complex, yet accessible to amateurs, it remains both the definitive strategic board game (with a nod to Go) and the board game most studied, by far, by computer scientists and game theorists.
So exactly why did chess AI explode in the 1970’s? First, the game has massive appeal to gamers of a strategic mindset who are capable of abstract thinking, and for those of us who enjoy complexity. Since this pretty much defines a “computer scientist”, we can see that chess is, simply put, the perfect environment for artificial intelligence. After all, chess is a game of perfect information. The environment is totally observable, and there are a finite, though astonishingly high, amount of valid positions: about 10^50 estimated unique legal positions. For the shock value, we’ll write it out:
10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000. (give or take a billion)
Some physicists have estimated the number of particles on earth to be around the same number. This level of complexity demands AI exploration. The chess AI explosion began in the 1970’s and quickly ramped up – the first chess agents used exhaustive brute force searches, but limits on memory and CPU speed forced programmers to adopt more clever methods to “prune” the number of positions considered by the computer, and adopt them they did. The chess AI scene culminated with the famous Gary Kasparov vs. Deep Blue (IBM) match in 1997. Deep Blue beat Kasparov in a six game exhibition match. Kasparov’s notes were telling:
“The decisive game of the match was match 2, which left a scar in my memory…we saw something that went beyond our wildest expectations of how well a computer would be able to foresee the long-term positional consequences of its decisions. The machine refused to move to a position that a decisive short-term advantage – showing a very human sense of danger"
AI began as an attempt to answer some of the most fundamental questions about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligence, but it has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects of commerce and society.Even as AI technology becomes integrated into the fabric of everyday life, AI researchers remain focused on the grand challenges of automating intelligence. Work is progressing on developing systems that converse in natural language, that perceive and respond to their surroundings, and that encode and provide useful access to all of human knowledge and expertise. The pursuit of the ultimate goals of AI -- the design of intelligent artifacts; understanding of human intelligence; abstract understanding of intelligence (possibly superhuman) -- continues to have practical consequences in the form of new industries, enhanced functionality for existing systems, increased productivity in general, and improvements in the quality of life. But the ultimate promises of AI are still decades away, and the necessary advances in knowledge and technology will require a sustained fundamental research effort.
AI began as an attempt to answer some of the most fundamental questions about human existence by understanding the nature of intelligence, but it has grown into a scientific and technological field affecting many aspects of commerce and society.Even as AI technology becomes integrated into the fabric of everyday life, AI researchers remain focused on the grand challenges of automating intelligence. Work is progressing on developing systems that converse in natural language, that perceive and respond to their surroundings, and that encode and provide useful access to all of human knowledge and expertise. The pursuit of the ultimate goals of AI -- the design of intelligent artifacts; understanding of human intelligence; abstract understanding of intelligence (possibly superhuman) -- continues to have practical consequences in the form of new industries, enhanced functionality for existing systems, increased productivity in general, and improvements in the quality of life. But the ultimate promises of AI are still decades away, and the necessary advances in knowledge and technology will require a sustained fundamental research effort.
References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
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Sunaina D
EE09B037
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